Industrial furnaces play a crucial role in petrochemical production, and they are categorized based on their specific functions. Common types include heating furnaces, cracking furnaces, reformers, and gasification furnaces. Among these, ethylene cracking furnaces are particularly significant. Major companies that hold this technology include ABB, KBR, S&W, KTI, and Linde. The development of cracking technology is moving toward higher temperatures, shorter residence times, and lower hydrocarbon partial pressures to enhance selectivity and reduce capital investment. However, China's cracking technology still lags behind global standards. This gap is evident in factors such as smaller equipment scales, higher raw material and energy consumption, increased production costs, shorter operational cycles, lower control levels, and slow innovation. Conversion and gasification furnaces are also essential in the industry. Companies like Kellogg, British Empire Chemical Engineering, and Danish Topsoe have developed large-scale industrial systems abroad. In China, a 200,000-ton-per-year natural gas-based ammonia conversion plant was domestically designed and built. Innovations such as high-temperature furnace tubes and convection high-frequency welded finned tubes were successfully developed locally. However, no 300,000-ton-per-year conversion furnace has been installed domestically yet. Similarly, domestic gasifiers cannot be fully designed independently, and coal-water slurry nozzles are largely imported. Towers are widely used in petrochemical processes for tasks such as fractionation, absorption, stripping, and purification. Plate towers and packed towers are common, with foreign manufacturers continuously improving tray and packing technologies. Over the past two decades, China has developed numerous high-performance towers, including DT trays, cyclone trays, and three-dimensional mass transfer trays. Large-scale towers, such as those with diameters up to 10,000 mm, have been successfully implemented in major refineries. Special machinery such as filters, centrifuges, flue gas turbines, dryers, and extrusion granulators are also vital in petrochemical operations. Filters like the ketone-benzene dewaxing drum vacuum filter and PTA vacuum drum filter are commonly used. While international filters are trending toward larger sizes, higher speeds, and automation, Chinese manufacturers rely on imported designs from companies like EIMCO. Centrifuges, especially spiral discharge decanter types, are being developed domestically but still face challenges in design and scalability. Flue gas turbines, such as the YL33000A and YL35000A models, have achieved international standards. Dryers and extrusion granulators are also key components. Japanese and German manufacturers produce dryers with large diameters, while China has localized some models. Extrusion granulators, which are critical for producing polymer pellets, are mostly imported due to technological limitations. In terms of general petrochemical equipment, compressors, pumps, and valves are essential. Gas compressors include turbo and reciprocating types, with many domestic manufacturers achieving progress, though large-scale units still require imports. Petrochemical pumps, although numerous in domestic production, still lag in design theory, precision, and performance compared to international standards. Overall, while China has made significant strides, there remains a need for continued innovation and improvement in both technology and manufacturing capabilities.

Single Layer Airless Bottle

Single layer airless bottle is a type of packaging container that is designed to keep the contents inside fresh and free from air exposure. Single layer airless bottle consists of a single layer of material, typically plastic, that is air-tight and prevents any air from entering the bottle.

The airless design of this bottle helps to preserve the quality and effectiveness of the products inside, such as skincare creams, lotions, and serums. By eliminating air exposure, the risk of oxidation and contamination is reduced, prolonging the shelf life of the product.

The single layer airless bottle typically features a pump mechanism that dispenses the product without the need for air to enter the bottle. This ensures that the contents are protected from exposure to air, light, and other external factors that can degrade the product over time.

Overall, the single layer airless bottle is a popular choice for packaging sensitive and high-quality products, as it provides an effective barrier against air and helps to maintain the product's integrity and efficacy.

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